Imagine you are trying to sleep in your cozy, dark room. Suddenly comes a mosquito humming an unpleasant song in your ears, and then the swatting begins. Have you ever wondered how these pesky insects brilliantly escape out of your hands, mostly even in pitch darkness? Are they relying on senses other than vision? A team of researchers from Wageningen University came up with an amusing answer to these questions. The hypothesis was that mosquitoes might depend on air movements for escape, especially when there is darkness around. Their observations have been recently published in the Current Biology journal.Now Let me invite your attention from the cozy bedroom to a magic show in which mosquitoes are the magicians, and the swat escape is their magic act. The researchers set up a stage for the magician to perform and then closely monitored to unravel the trick behind the act. The Stage The researchers planned two sets of experiments. The first aimed to determine the influence of air movements on the escape probability of the mosquitoes from the looming object. The flight maneuvers of the escaping mosquitoes were studied in the second experiment.The researchers conducted two sets of experiments with dedicated setups and procedures. The first experiment aimed to determine whether air movements influence the escape probability of malarial mosquitoes from looming objects while the second investigated the flight maneuvers of mosquitoes escaping from such objects. They arranged a customized flight arena with LED panels and a mechanical swatter with a disc. The swatter disc’s size was similar to a human hand, which replicated the looming object. Additionally, they integrated high-speed cameras to capture videos of flying mosquitoes. The magician and the script The scientists released some female malaria mosquitoes into a closed area and allowed them to fly freely. Inside the cage, they autocontrolled the light conditions and the triggering of the swatter based on the real-time position and velocity of the mosquitoes. The scientists calculated the forces exerted on the mosquito by the surrounding air during the escape. Image Courtesy: Cribellier et al. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.066) The Trick Finally, it’s time to reveal the trick. Mosquitoes evade swats by executing both active and passive movements. In active movements, they steer away from the approaching object, executing turns by adjusting the amount of their wing strokes and the frequency of their wing speed. During the passive phase, the escaping mosquito aligns its flight speed with the airflow produced by the swatter in a manner that the attacker-induced bow wave itself pushes it away from the danger. Implications and future directions Cribellier et al. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.066) noted that the evasive maneuvers of mosquitoes escaping from odor-baited traps are independent of airflow, unlike the mechanism employed to escape from looming objects. The reason for this disparity remains unknown, and elucidating it will offer valuable insights into enhancing trapping systems, thereby aiding in the control of malarial mosquitoes.So, next time when you whack a mosquito, remember that it is drifting away and escaping by taking a free ride you are offering unknowingly! Reference Cribellier, A., Camilo, L. H., Goyal, P., & Muijres, F. T. (2024). Mosquitoes escape looming threats by actively flying with the bow wave induced by the attacker. Current Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.066. Arya K Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Sciences, Manipal School of Life Sciences About the author: I completed my Bachelor’s degree in Agriculture, and my Master’s degree is in Applied Microbiology. I am passionate about communicating science to a broader audience and believe that science tastes better when skillfully blended with the sweetness of art and the spices of storytelling.

If you are a fan of The Office, you would surely be familiar with the proverb “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Who can forget a smirking Dwight Schrute using this logic to plot against a colleague in an iconic scene from the hit comedy TV series? Perhaps the most historic illustration of this proverb was during World War II, when two notorious adversaries— the United States and the Soviet Union— joined hands to fight their common enemy, Nazi Germany. Well, you may be surprised to know that forming unlikely partnerships to tackle a shared enemy is not just a clever strategy in politics and high school gossip gangs. For farmers, forming alliances with crop pests’ natural predators could be a game-changing strategy to save their crops from these troublesome bugs. Insect herbivores are one of the peskiest perils in agriculture. These pests are always lurking around, waiting for the right time to steal a meal from plant leaves, fruits, and roots. Whether they feed by chewing plant parts, sucking sap, or boring tunnels in fruits, they wreak havoc on crops. Unlike us fortunate animals who can simply swat away hungry mosquitoes encircling our bodies, plants don’t have the luxury of movement to shoo away insect pests. Being rooted in the same place for their entire lives, they can be severely damaged or killed by such hungry attackers, leading to devastating crop losses in agriculture. Traditionally, farmers have heavily relied on pesticides to manage these infestations. However, amidst the growing concern over their environmental and health safety and the development of pesticide resistance, researchers are exploring another solution: teaming up with the insects’ natural enemies to kill these pests and protect the plants. Forging friendships with fungi Entomopathogenic fungi— fungi that infect insects— are a fascinating group of microorganisms that regulate insect populations in natural ecosystems. Some common examples that can attack a variety of insects are species of Beauveria and Metarhizium. These fungi are specialized to derive nutrients for growth by attacking and killing insects. Since they do not infect plants, they have gained significant interest as allies to crop growers looking to eliminate insect pests. When entomopathogenic fungi’s spores land on an insect’s body, they germinate into hyphae that penetrate the insect’s tough chitinous exterior using cuticle-degrading enzymes. The battle for life between the two commences; the hyphae bore their way into the internal body cavity and rapidly propagate there. The insect’s immune system tries to attack the fungal cells while the fungus counter-defends with toxins, immunity suppressors, and specialized metabolites that go unrecognized by the insect’s immune system. The battle continues until the pathogen ultimately kills the insect. Soon after, the hyphae grow outwards from the body cavity and over the cadaver’s exterior, where they sporulate and can spread to other insects (Figure 1). Many entomopathogenic fungi can infect insects throughout their life from eggs to adults. This is particularly advantageous as they can be used in fields to effectively control pest populations at all different developmental stages. Figure 1. (A) The tree-boring beetle, emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (Wagner and Turo, 2015). This invasive pest causes economic losses by attacking and killing commercially important ash trees. (B) This emerald ash borer was infected by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in field trials (Dara et al., 2019). After invading the beetle’s cuticle and multiplying inside its body cavity, the fungal hyphae extend outwards to emerge from the insect body (visible as white masses), and will soon cover the cadaver. Studies are underway on how we can sustainably leverage these fungal allies to mitigate insect pests and protect crops. Some species of Beauveria and Metarhizium already show promise. However, a major practical obstacle when spraying fungal spores on crops is that the spores require moisture and high humidity to germinate and spread. In field conditions, this is often difficult to achieve because spore-containing formulations lose water and dry out in the hot environmental conditions. To solve this problem and create a friendlier environment for spore germination, scientists recently designed a formulation that can meet the fungus’s moisture needs even in low-humidity environments. The research group developed a superabsorbent paste-type formulation containing cellulose and xanthan gum among other ingredients. This paste was highly efficient in absorbing and retaining water, keeping fungal spores sufficiently moist for high sporulation even under 40% relative humidity. Although a few previous attempts were made to design such water-retaining formulations, these relied on synthetic non-biodegradable polymers. In comparison, this novel cellulose-xanthan-based formulation’s biodegradability is a highly advantageous feature. Teaming up with the enemy’s enemy is a promising approach for mitigating pests and protecting our crop plants while minimizing toxic environmental impacts. This strategy has also garnered interest in solving other insect-related problems, including the control of human disease vectors such as mosquitos. As researchers continue to explore ways to harness the power of biocontrol, here’s hoping for a near future where our fruits and vegetables aren’t soaked in layers of pesticides! Dr. Gauri Binayak Ph.D., Dept. of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune About the author: My curiosity about the world led me to the world of science for higher education. During my Ph.D., I realized that the research we do remains understood only by a small community. To the general public, science remains a mysterious realm inhabited by strange white coat-wearing species who mix fumy chemicals and speak in complicated language. I have become deeply interested in bridging this gap through content creation.

Turbinaria sp. Seaweed? Most people consider it as the slimy sometimes greenish sometimes brownish thing that gets stuck on your feet when you go swimming at a beach. In reality, seaweed could be the next best thing after water and air! The ocean, with its vastness and gazillion life forms, has always been a source of fascination for scientists. Among its treasures are the seaweeds or as the scientific community calls it macroalgae are a source of a multitude of components that can revolutionize almost all industrial fields. One such seaweed is brown algae, which contains a range of bioactive compounds with potential applications in several industries. One such compound is fucoidan, which was extracted from the brown alga Turbinaria decurrens, and has recently emerged as a promising candidate for enhancing plant growth and development.In an intriguing study published in the Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, Ph.D. researcher Arya Kaniyassery and team with the guidance of Dr. A. Muthusamy, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Karnataka, and Dr. K. Arunkumar, Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, sheds light on the remarkable abilities of fucoidan fractions to promote seed germination, seedling growth, and tissue regeneration in two important crops: eggplant and finger millet. Unveiling the Potential: The study explains “Fucoidan fraction isolated from seaweed was categorized into low and high molecular weight fractions (LMF and HMF), and were investigated for their effects on plant growth processes. What makes this study particularly noteworthy is its exploration of fucoidan’s influence on both monocotyledonous (finger millet) and dicotyledonous (eggplant) plants, marking a significant stride in understanding its broad applicability.” Seed Germination and Beyond: The researchers dug into the effect of this bioactive compound- Fucoidan on multiple plant development processes, starting from seed germination to tissue culture-based regeneration processes. Fucoidan fractions demonstrated their effectiveness in enhancing the rate of seed germination and early seedling vigor, setting the stage for robust plant growth. Furthermore, they facilitated callus induction, direct organogenesis, and adventitious root formation, which are all crucial steps in tissue culture-based propagation techniques. Novel Insights and Implications: This study offers novel insights into the potential of fucoidan fractions as a sustainable alternative to conventional plant growth regulators (PGRs) in tissue culture media. By harnessing the natural bioactivity of this seaweed-derived compound, researchers propose a future where fucoidan supplements could revolutionize plant micropropagation practices.These research findings not only hold promise for agricultural applications, but they also highlight the importance of exploring marine resources for sustainable solutions in plant science. Applications in Agriculture: The implications of this research extend beyond the laboratory, with practical application in agriculture. Fucoidan fractions present an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to synthetic PGRs, offering growers a sustainable means to enhance crop productivity. By using these seaweed-derived compounds in tissue culture protocols, researchers have paved the way for efficient micropropagation of high-value crops such as finger millets and eggplant, contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability. Conclusion: Arya is confident that “if we continue to explore the untapped potential of marine resources, studies like this can serve as a hope for sustainable agriculture. By harnessing the power of seaweed-derived fucoidans, we have developed a natural alternative to boost plant growth and regeneration without the cost of expensive PGRs.” Dr. Ankita Dave Ph.D. graduate from CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemical Research Institute About the author: My subject of interest is Molecular Biology. I am passionate about research and want to gain more experience in this field. However, writing has always been my way of expressing and Science communication is something that includes both my interests, and I am intrigued to learn moreabout this field.

“There are no better models when it comes to being better adaptive to this planet than the models set by species that have preceded us for millions of years.” – Janine Benyus, Founder of The Biomimicry Institute Biomimicry is the study of emulating and mimicking nature. The Earth was formed over 4.5 billion years ago, and its nature has had 600 million years to evolve. Have you ever thought if the law of nature can teach us something? Definitely Yes. Biomimicry is an emerging field that deals with new technologies derived from bio-inspired designs. Architects and designers have always looked to nature as an inspiration and source for different forms, techniques, and functions. By studying how nature has adopted ways to solve problems, humans can imitate these for their benefit, like more sustainable designs and increasing efficiency. Fig 1: Spiral Staircase inspired by Snail Shell (Source:Farmers’ Almanac) Principles of Biomimicry: The evolutionary process of animals and plants has helped their phenotype (physical features) adapt to situations requiring efficiency. For example, termite mounds having excellent ventilation or eagles’ aerodynamic wings allowing them to glide through the air without much effort are natural efficiency due to genetic evolution. By imitating the conventions that have been presented to us through nature’s evolutionary process, humans can solve real-world problems. The foundation of biomimicry depends on nature’s ability to adapt to harsh and inconvenient conditions. Biomimicry can also help address the burning fire brewing in everybody’s mind, which is sustainability. For example, the ability of birds to glide through the air has led to the innovation of jet planes to have curved, stationary wings to create lift for efficient take-off. The engineer George De Mestral was inspired by the adhering properties of the seed “Bur,” upon looking at the seed vessels under a microscope, he discovered countless tiny hooks and fabric loops. This composition of bur led to him creating velcro, a practical solution that simplifies the process of fastening and securing clothes and fabric for human use. Fig 2: Image of Velcro inspired by Bur (Source: studiousguy.com) So, what is biomimicry to humans? According to Jenine Benyus, who coined the term in 1997, biomimicry is a measurement tool. It uses standards of living that are already set by nature and uses them as a measure of rightness regarding human innovation. It helps us evaluate, process, observe, and learn the most valuable information that nature has to provide. Since biomimicry is a question of how we approach every single area of human expertise, it has an underlying implication and contribution to every sector of life—medicine and treatment, infrastructure and urban planning, agriculture, etc. Since nature always operates under the norm of – “to produce economy and efficiency while producing no waste,” various industries have the potential to implement the laws of nature in production or distribution. Some real-life examples of biomimicry include: The first design of the plane by the Wright Brothers was inspired by the wings of flying pigeons. Modern architecture is inspired by termite mound’s passive cooling system 3. The creation of climbing pads, which can hold a human’s weight, imitate the biomechanics of a gecko’s feet. Because of the V-shaped scales on a shark’s skin, they can swim extremely fast since their unique skin helps decrease drag and turbulence. Swimsuit designers have studied sharkskin to develop quicker and more efficient swimsuits Neil Chadha 10th grade at IB board school DPS International About the author: I am Neil Chadha, 16 years old, a 10th grade student studying in the IB board school DPS International. I have completed an observership at the Medanta Hospital, Medicity, and other research internships related to biology. I have been interested in and naturally good at the subject of biology, mainly human & environmental sciences, and wish to pursue this interest later on in the future in the field of research.

Imagine gulping vinegar accidentally…huh! You know the feeling…right? What if I told you that you might find that the vinegar tastes like honey!! Would you believe me? Certainly not! But there is a plant found in West Africa discovered in the early 1700s that produces red luscious berry-like fruits called the “miracle fruit” because it converts sour taste into sweet!! Fun Fact- Flavor is not something in the food, rather it is what our brain perceives from the chemical and physical composition of the food we are eating. Isn’t this mind-boggling? Synsepalum dulcificum (Richardella dulcifica) is the plant that produces this miracle berry. The berries contain a unique protein called the Miraculin Protein. Interestingly, this protein does not taste sweet at all but has a modifying action on the taste receptors present on our tongue. The protein binds to the taste receptors in the presence of an acidic environment (acidic like vinegar, citrus fruits, etc.) A study done in 2011 proved that the miracle fruit can be used as a natural alternative sweetener which not only decreases sugar intake but also dampens the need to eat afterwards thus decreasing calorie intake. The fruit is also rich in antioxidants which can help treat certain types of cancers. Chemotherapy given to cancer patients affects their taste bud receptors and hence the patients develop an aversion or dislike for food products. This might result in malnutrition and worsening of their immune system. A short study was conducted with 7-23 cancer patients to understand the effect of miraculin in improving appetite. The patients were given miracle berries before food and it was found that their food intake improved. Although, there was no change in their body weight.  An interesting story was published in 2014 in “The Atlantic” magazine by David Cox. Almost 50 years ago a businessman named Robert Harvey conceived the idea to use the berry in food as sugar replacement. He wanted to create several sugar-free products coated with this berry extract and revolutionize the food industry. He established his ambitious company ‘Miralin’ and was sure of a grand success. Around 1974, Harvey suspected foul play, he was being followed, and his office files were raided. Shortly, after these incidences, the FDA (Food & Drug Administration) who previously was in favor of Harvey’s endeavors, declared miraculin an additive. This meant that miraculin could not be used as a sugar substitute until further tests were done. At the time, a large sum of money was required to fund this research and Harvey’s company could not afford it. For the next 35 years, the berry was almost forgotten until the owner of a coffee shop in Chicago– Homaro Cantu started exploring the possibilities of miracle berries. He has been working for the past 18 years to find a way to use berry powder as a food ingredient without altering its taste-changing activity. He started with doughnuts, but the effect of the miraculin protein lasts only until you finish your doughnut. Freezing or heating the food containing this protein changes its activity and its taste-altering effect might stop before you even taste it. So, buying a food item with the berry effect still intact might take a few more years down the road. Some scientists have been working on producing genetically engineered miraculin protein in tomatoes and lettuce plants as the miracle berry is expensive to export from its native place of growth. However, Chef Cantu believes that genetic engineering is way too costly and poses a lot of restrictions, so he has successfully developed his in-house berry farm with monitored light, temperature, and water. According to a recent report, almost 45% of the US population will suffer from obesity by the end of 2030. Obesity also comes hand-in-hand with co-morbidities like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart ailments. Despite its known application and effectiveness, the US has not approved the use of miracle berries as food. Information submitted so far regarding miraculin did not support either a ‘generally recognized as safe’ (GRAS) affirmation or the issuance of a food additive regulation. FDA has not received further information on the safety of the use of this substance in food under either the GRAS program or a food additive petition. More research in this direction could easily overturn the FDA’s ruling as miraculin has no found ill-effects. Dr. Ankita Dave Ph.D. graduate from CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemical Research Institute About the author: My subject of interest is Molecular Biology. I am passionate about research and want to gain more experience in this field. However, writing has always been my way of expressing and Science communication is something that includes both my interests, and I am intrigued to learn moreabout this field.

Every year, India’s brightest minds gather at the Indian Science Congress, a vibrant confluence of cutting-edge research, stimulating discussions, and a dash of desi flavor. This year, the Congress is being held in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, and promises to be an even more exciting event, with a theme that captures the essence of India’s scientific journey: “Science and Technology for a Sustainable Future.” From the bustling exhibition halls showcasing the latest advancements in robotics and rocketry to the lively symposia where experts delve into the nuances of sustainable agriculture, the Indian Science Congress is a kaleidoscope of scientific exploration. But what truly sets this event apart is its unique blend of cutting-edge technology and down-to-earth practicality. Robots with a Desi Touch Imagine a robot that can not only help you with your household chores but can also recite verses from the Bhagavad Gita! That’s the kind of innovation on display at the Indian Science Congress. Indian researchers are developing robots that are not only technologically sophisticated but also culturally aware. Take, for example, the “roti-making robot” that can churn out perfectly round and fluffy rotis, a staple food in Indian households. Or the robots that can assist farmers in their fields, from sowing seeds to harvesting crops. These robots are not just machines; they are embodiments of India’s scientific ingenuity and cultural sensitivity. Rockets Reaching for the Stars India’s space program has come a long way since its humble beginnings. Today, India is a major player in the global space arena, with its own Mars orbiter mission and ambitious plans for a manned space mission in the near future. At the Indian Science Congress, visitors can get a glimpse into the future of Indian space exploration, with exhibits showcasing cutting-edge rocket technology and plans for deep-space exploration. Sustainable Solutions for a Brighter Tomorrow While robots and rockets capture the imagination, the true focus of the Indian Science Congress is on finding sustainable solutions for the challenges facing our planet. From climate change and food security to healthcare and energy, Indian scientists are working on a wide range of solutions that can make a real difference in the lives of people around the world. At the Congress, you can learn about innovative technologies like solar-powered irrigation systems, biofuel production, and waste management solutions that can help us build a greener and more sustainable future. A Celebration of Science for All The Indian Science Congress is not just for scientists; it is for everyone who is curious about the world around them. The event features interactive exhibits, science shows, and public lectures that make science accessible and engaging for people of all ages and backgrounds. Whether you are a student, a teacher, a homemaker, or a retired professional, there is something for you at the Indian Science Congress. So, if you are looking for an event that will ignite your curiosity, spark your imagination, and give you a glimpse into the future of science and technology, then the Indian Science Congress is the place to be. Come join the celebration of science and discover the robots, rockets, and rotis that are shaping India’s scientific journey. I hope this blog has given you a glimpse into the fascinating world of the Indian Science Congress. If you have any questions or would like to know more about a specific aspect of the event, please feel free to ask. P.S. Don’t forget to try the delicious rotis at the food stalls!

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field that brings together both computer science and substantial datasets to enable problem resolution. This sector has experienced tremendous growth recently, with more financing and research, and the demand for it skyrocketed last year. ChatGPT-like AI has gained the attention of mainstream media and has become a market sensation. Everyone was curious about this new technology and wanted to try it. By the 1950s, we had a generation of scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers culturally assimilated to the concept of artificial intelligence in their minds. In particular, Alan Turing, a young British polymath at the time, and known today as the father of artificial intelligence, investigated the mathematical viability of artificial intelligence. Turing suggested that human beings solve problems through applying the knowledge at their disposal and logic; why shouldn’t machines be able to do the same? This served as the logical foundation for his 1950 paper ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ (Alan Turing, 1950), in which he addressed how to create intelligent machines and how to assess their intelligence – known infamously today as The Turing Test In the years since then, artificial intelligence has advanced significantly, and the healthcare sector has begun implementing it at an early level. As an illustration, dermatologists in the USA have started implementing AI modules in their practices to assist with the diagnosis of a patient with skin cancer. These modules are considerably faster, quicker, more accurate, and more effective than a dermatologist. However, there are significant ethical concerns with the use of artificial intelligence in medicine due to the sensitive nature of medical data and the absence of global rules governing such matters. Different Uses of AI in the Vast Field of Medicine: Different Uses of AI in the Vast Field of Medicine: In 2023, the integration of artificial intelligence has become integral to numerous facets within the expansive domain of medical sciences. Notably, the foremost applications of artificial intelligence in medicine encompass the following key areas: 1. Disease Diagnosis Traditional diagnostics are time-consuming and often need more experts. Machine Learning, particularly Deep Learning algorithms, have significantly enhanced the efficiency of disease diagnosis. These algorithms, capable of learning patterns akin to human experts, require a substantial volume of meticulously digitized examples to acquire proficiency. Machine Learning excels in areas where diagnostic information is digitized, such as: ● Detecting Lung Cancer or Strokes: Leveraging Computerized Tomography (CT) scans for precise identification. ● Assessing Cardiovascular Risks: Analysing electrocardiograms (ECG or EKG) and cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images to evaluate the risk of sudden cardiac death and other heart diseases. ● Classifying & Identifying Skin Lesions: Utilizing machine learning for the classification and identification of skin lesions based on detailed images. ● Identifying Diabetic Retinopathy: Examining eye images to identify indicators of diabetic retinopathy. Example Specific Uses of AI in Disease Diagnosis (Source:https://www.datarevenue.com/en-blog/artificial-intelligence-in-medicine) 2. Accelerated Drug Development Drug development is notoriously time-consuming and expensive. With low success rates and high costs, even minor improvements can save companies millions of dollars. Machine learning can help make many analytical procedures in drug development more economical and effective, which will speed up, reduce costs, and improve the accuracy of the drug search. All major stages of drug development have already seen the successful application of AI, with some of its most noteworthy accomplishments being as follows: Drug development process showing the application of AI at each stage (Source: Victor et al., 2021) 3. Personalized Patient Treatment Approaches Personalized treatment is challenging due to the variability of patient responses to treatments. Machine Learning automates the complex statistical work, identifying factors that influence treatment choices. By cross-referencing similar patients, algorithms predict probable treatment responses, assisting doctors in designing effective treatment plans. 4. Advancements in Gene Editing Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), specifically, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing is a breakthrough, but guide Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) selection poses challenges. Machine Learning models excel in predicting guide-target interactions and off-target effects, facilitating in the accelerated development of precise guide RNA for editing human Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). Ethical Considerations Involving the Usage of Artificial Intelligence: In the ever-evolving landscape of AI in healthcare, ethics are the guiding moral compass for responsible practices. Now, let’s explore the critical ethical facets influencing this intersection. Key considerations include: 1. Privacy Concerns It is paramount to protect patient confidentiality and sensitive medical data. To ensure the security and ethical handling of personal health information, developers should ensure that AI applications adhere to robust privacy measures. 2. Bias and Fairness Achieving equitable healthcare outcomes requires the elimination of bias in AI algorithms. During the development process, developers must work hard to eliminate biases that may disproportionately influence particular demographic groups. By fostering trust among patients and promoting equity in healthcare, fairness in AI contributes to unbiased decision-making. 3. Accountability and Transparency AI systems must be held transparently and firmly accountable. For this, policymakers, developers, and healthcare organizations must clearly define their roles in the event of system errors or unfavourable results. Transparency is essential to fostering public confidence in AI systems and ensuring that decisions made by AI are understandable and supported. 4. Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy Transparency is necessary when it comes to AI applications in healthcare to respect patient autonomy. Policymakers and healthcare providers must ensure that patients are well-informed about the use of AI in their care. By obtaining informed consent, patients can understand how AI can be incorporated into their medical treatment and make informed decisions. 5. Impact on Employment and Workforce As AI transforms healthcare workflows, healthcare professionals’ roles and employment must be considered. Policymakers should anticipate and address workforce challenges, ensuring that AI complements rather than displaces human expertise. A sustainable evolution of healthcare systems requires balancing technological advancements with workforce needs. Ethical and Legal Challenges Involved with the Usage of AI in Healthcare (Source: Nitesh et al., 2022) Regulations in the Implementation and Usage of AI in Healthcare: The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

What is Neuroplasticity?  Neuroplasticity, frequently referred to as the brain’s “remodeling ability,” is comparable to an intellectual training program. Learning a new skill, like playing an instrument, can modify your brain in the same way that exercise can, by strengthening its connections and improving mental abilities. The ability of the brain to change in response to experiences in life is known as neuroplasticity. By developing new neurons or stronger connections between existing ones, the brain is able to adapt and evolve over time (Neuroplasticity, n.d.). Neuroplasticity promotes the development of new memories, skills, and talents as well as altered thought, behavior, and decision-making processes. This contradicts the long-held scientific belief that the brain stops developing after childhood and suggests that this can happen throughout an individual’s lifespan, improving the brain’s structure and moving functions to different parts of the brain.    Types of Neuroplasticity  Functional neuroplasticity and structural neuroplasticity are two different types of neuroplasticity. The brain’s ability for structural neuroplasticity, which includes modifying individual neurons (nerve cells), allows it to modify its physical structure as a result of learning. Functional neuroplasticity is the capacity of the brain to change and adjust the functional properties of neurons. Source: https://biotech.ucdavis.edu/blog/neuroplasticity Factors behind neuroplasticity  Both intrinsic and external variables have the potential to cause the brain to rewire itself. Learning new skills, recovering from injuries, or dealing with neurological conditions are some of the situations that can cause changes in brain structure or function as a result of neuroplasticity. For instance, exercise can encourage neuroplasticity by releasing a chemical called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which allows the development of new synaptic connections and strengthens the signals which are sent from one neuron to another. In addition to these activities, being in a stimulating environment, having enriching conversations with other people, or even taking particular medicines that are known to reduce the symptoms of depression can trigger the release of BDNF (Neuroplasticity, n.d.).   Effect of music on neuroplasticity Did you know the volume of the brain decreases slightly with age? Cognitive decline and problems with memory have been linked to decrease in grey matter. It has been proven that music stimulates the grey matter, which slows down this process of deterioration. A study by Marie et al, 2023  in 2023 discovered that practicing an instrument for six months or enrolling in music awareness workshops that include listening to music increases the volume of grey matter in particular brain regions and enhances working memory. These regions included particular portions of the left and right cerebellar hemispheres, as well as a few cerebral brain areas that are frequently linked to advanced cognitive abilities. Source: Alicja M. Olszewska et. al (2021) Music and its demonstrated benefits According to a recent study (Skingly et al., 2016), participating in musical group activities can help people keep their physical and mental health at bay.  For instance, performing an instrument has been linked to a decreased risk of dementia (Verghese et al., 2023). Stroke patients’ fine and gross motor skills may be enhanced by playing the drums and keyboard (Altenmüller et al., n.d.). Furthermore, Bittman et al., 2013 reported that creating music for fun may be helpful in altering the expression of genes associated with the stress response, which may even aid in the improvement of mental wellness. According to several other studies on the relationship between music therapy and the disease, patients with Parkinson’s have been found to benefit from music therapy in terms of improving their balance, gait speed, gait freezing, and mental health. Additionally, music-based therapies and musical creativity are powerful neurorehabilitation techniques.   Conclusion  In conclusion, the assumption of fixed brain growth is challenged by neuroplasticity.  Recent research shows that the brain can continually change over the lifespan, allowing for customized interventions to enhance cognitive performance. It’s becoming clear that music can modify brain chemistry and foster cognitive development. In addition to changing cognitive aging, this information will encourage more extensive uses of neuroplasticity to enhance brain health across a range of populations. Both physical and emotional health can benefit from music-based therapy. A deeper understanding of neuroplasticity might be developed with further research and studies that focus on applications. Kaira Jain 12th grade at Heritage International Experiential School, Gurgaon About the author: I am Kaira Jain, a Grade 12 IB student at Heritage International Experiential School, Gurgaon. I am passionate about neuroscience and am currently studying Biology and Psychology. Recently, I authored a children’s book: My First Guide To First Aid, which aims to educate young minds about essential first aid through engaging stories. This book has been distributed by SCERT to 5,000 government schools in Haryana, amplifying its reach and impact. I aspire to delve deeper into neuroscience and medicine in the future.

You must have heard about stem cell therapy due to its recent popularity in the news, but have you ever wondered what it actually is? And how it can save people from fatal diseases? Let me familiarize you with stem cells first, think of them as jobless individuals with no specialization but with the power to generate others who master one specific function. Isn’t that genius? They’re the game changers! Stem cells are actually undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into different kinds of cells with specialized functions like muscle cells, blood cells or brain cells. They have even proved to fix damaged tissues sometimes and they work like our body’s own repair system. When these stem cells are grown and cultured under optimum conditions, they reproduce to form daughter cells which either become new stem cells or specialized cells. This makes stem cells an invaluable resource for medicine. But where do these stem cells come from? They come from early-stage embryos or the bone marrow. Stem cells are mainly classified on the basis of their differentiation potential and their residency. Stem cells can be totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent based on their potential to differentiate and are present in 2 forms: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells come from early embryos called blastocyst and are ‘pluripotent’ which means that they can develop into “almost all” types of cells. They are generally used to regenerate or repair tissues and organs whereas adult stem cells are found in adult tissues and are ‘multipotent’ that means they generate only a “certain” type of cells whereas totipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into “all” types of cells. Researchers have also artificially reprogrammed adult stem cells to form Induced Pluripotent stem cells (IPSC’s) which allow patient-specific treatments. Now, think about the endless range of possibilities that comes with these tiny cells that possess the power to cure. They can be used for various therapeutic purposes, in regenerative medicine, to test new medicines for efficiency, to understand the occurrence of diseases and primarily to provide hope for various untreatable diseases. Researchers can even explore the conditions for development of a disease or virus by observing stem cells mature into different specialized cells which can be very insightful for future studies and even help in developing more effective medicines. New drugs can even be tested on these cells to ensure their effectiveness and safety without harming any other living organism. Moreover, Stem cell therapy is a form of regenerative medicine which stands for replacing cells, tissues or organs using stem cells in order to establish normal function again. If a patient’s body is not producing sufficient amounts of stem cells, they can even get a stem cell transplant which is either autologous or allogeneic. Autologous stem cell transplant refers to the extraction of the patient’s own stem cells to replace the cells and the patient is their own donor, whereas Allogeneic stem cell transplant refers to the use of stem cells from a donor. Stem cell transplants are typically done for cancer patients that go through high doses of radiation therapy and need to repair their damaged bone marrow.  So, the procedure of stem cell therapy evidently utilizes stem cells to restore the body’s own process of healing, making this a great way to save lives. But what is stopping stem cells to be the turning point of medicine? Why is stem cell therapy considered ethically wrong?  Since, there is still lot of research required before expanding the use of stem cells, further knowledge into the development of embryonic stem cells will lead to a better understanding of the specialized cells generated from them. But due to the extraction of stem cells from human embryos, some people find this procedure morally wrong and they raise questions about the ethics of this research. The National Institutes of Health even created a guideline for stem cell research which clearly states the conduct of intramural stem cell research which includes obtaining stem cells by the use of in vitro fertilization shall only be conducted when the embryo is no longer needed. Even while the disputes about the ethics of this research persist, other techniques such as Induced Pluripotent stem cells (IPSC’s) lighten some controversies.  Now to wrap it up, we can conclude that stem cells can revolutionize the field of medicine but only with the right knowledge and research. The continuously expanding applications of stem cells can possibly treat the untreatable and the advent of stem cells have brought hope to the field medicine as they hold immense potential to enhance our understanding of human biology. Vaanya Gupta 12th Grade About the author: I am a 17-year-old high school student and I have always been passionate about science. My interest in medicine really solidified over the years and I aim to raise awareness about the latest advancements; and how they benefit the community. I'm a passionate science enthusiast and I'm really excited about the prospect of attending medical college. I think that my experiences and passions align well with my goal, and I'm eager to learn and grow as a future healthcare professional.

Music once admitted to the soul, becomes a spirit and never dies. Edward Bulwer Lytton Music has numerous effects on the brain and body, like reducing stress, improving mood, and enhancing cognitive functions. Recent research has also suggested that music can induce changes in brain waves, particularly in the regions that enhance concentration and emotional regulation. One always wonders how music enters the brain, how it is recorded and how different genres of music affect an individual differently. Music is a universal language across cultures and civilisations. The importance of music was identified as early as 1835 when Henry Wadsworth Longfellow declared, “Music is the universal language of mankind” (Longfellow, 1835). In a recent study from Harvard (Mehr et al. Science 2019), they studied traditional music from different parts of the world and showed wide variations in rhythm, language, and tonicity of music among cultures but a similar emotional and cognitive response to music across cultures. They found that, across societies, music is associated with behaviours such as infant care, healing, dance, and love. Music can evoke robust emotional responses, including pleasure, nostalgia, sadness, upliftment, and excitement. Positive emotions dominate musical experiences. It has been shown that pleasurable music releases the neurotransmitter Dopamine, associated with reward response. It is the same neurotransmitter released in response to Love and affection, academic or athletic reward response, and even in response to social media likes. Enjoyment of music appears to involve the same pleasure centres in the brain that are involved in other pleasurable activities like food, sex and drugs (Gebauer L et al. 2012). Understanding Brain Waves in Response to Music Brain waves are vital in regulating our cognitive and emotional processes, acting as the orchestrators of brain activity. These rhythmic electrical patterns reflect the synchronised communication between neurons and hold profound significance in understanding our mental states, attention, memory, problem-solving, and emotional experiences. By studying brain waves, we can uncover the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive responses and emotions, leading to advancements in neuroscience and psychology and developing techniques like neuro-feedback to enhance emotional well-being. Brain waves offer a remarkable gateway to comprehend and influence our inner workings. Brain waves are studied using an Electroencephalogram (EEG), which records electrical activity in different brain parts using electrodes applied to the scalp. The wave pattern is then analysed. Broadly there are four main types of waves. Alpha waves have a frequency between 8-13 Htz and are seen in healthy awake adults while resting with eyes closed. Beta waves have a frequency of 13-30 Htz. They replace alpha waves during attention to tasks or actions. They are common while concentrating or when one is under stress. Theta waves have a frequency between 4-7.9 Htz. They are most common in children and appear transiently in adults during sleep. They are also seen in induced Comas or brain infections. Delta waves are slow waves between 0.1 and 3.9 Ht. They are seen during sleep and also in infants. They are also seen in brain injury, stroke or brain tumours. The Impact of Music on brain waves Music significantly impacts the cognitive and emotional aspects of the brain. Earlier, we conducted a study on elderly subjects (>60 Years) staying in old-age elder care homes on the impact of popular Hindi music on short-term memory, heart rate, BP and mood. We used a validated Digit span test for short-term memory testing. The results showed a significant improvement in short-term memory and decreased BP after half-hour of music listening. There was also a visible upliftment in the mood of all subjects, although this was not quantified.  Encouraged by the previous research results, we decided to do a small study to see EEG changes in response to music. A curated set of Indian classical violin music tracks was compiled, and an EEG test was carried out on five adults at the Neurology department of Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi., under the supervision of Dr J D. Mukherjee (Head of Dept, Dept of Neurology). The subjects were asked to stay still; no task was allowed during the recording. Baseline EEG recording was taken initially, after which they listened to the music track using Bluetooth-enabled earbuds for 20 minutes. The same music was played for all subjects. An expert neurologist then analysed baseline EEG and post-music EEG. The study presented exciting results based on the subjects’ preference and frequency of music listening. One of the volunteers was an expert in classical music, while the rest of the four volunteers were unfamiliar with the raag.  All five adults had normal baseline EEG; however, after listening to the music, the brain wave patterns changed in all the individuals. Subject 1, an expert in classical music, showed only a slight change in the brain waves and a burst of beta waves later owing to full attentiveness. However, subjects 2 & 3, who hardly listened to classical music, fell asleep and showed deep sleep patterns. Subjects 4 & 5 were music lovers but not better versed in classical music and showed type-1 sleep patterns where they were relaxed and rested but not in a deep sleep.  Based on the literature survey that validates our observations, it is clear that music changes the brain wave pattern (EEG wave pattern). This can be further analysed to study which type of music elicits what type of response. This information can be used therapeutically to develop specific musical interventions like slow classical melodious music to calm down and decrease anxiety, Fast tempo music to generate enthusiasm and excitement, and regular music intervention to improve short-term memory and cognitive function. Music intervention can also be used for psychological, cognitive, biofeedback, and behavioural therapy.  Once it becomes clear what type of music elicits what type of EEG and mood response, the music can be tailored to help treat mental health conditions. Music is helpful in the treatment of Autism, Parkinsons’ disease, Dementia, and sleep disorders. Limitations and Future Directions The study was conducted on a very small number of subjects. A similar study, if